The Extension of Statistical Entropy Analysis to Chemical Compounds as Part of the Vienna Doctoral Programme on Water Resource Systems
نویسنده
چکیده
i Abstract Statistical Entropy Analysis (SEA) is a quantitative evaluation method that determines the extent of concentration respective, dilution of a substance caused by a process or system. SEA has been repeatedly used for the assessment of losses of heavy metals from waste treatment facilities leading to a better understanding of the significance of concentration processes for sustainable materials recycling. However, SEA is limited to applications to chemical elements, while the specification of an element is sometimes of particular importance. Therefore, in this work, SEA is extended to chemical compounds (extended SEA (eSEA)) and the benefits of eSEA are demonstrated based on two examples related to water resource systems, namely farming regions and wastewater treatment. Chapter 1 gives an introduction to the doctoral thesis. The extension of SEA to chemical compounds is presented in Chapter 2 based on a system, consisting of a hypothetical crop farming region. Such a system primarily converts the nitrogen from different material flows such as fertilizer, seeds, and air to food products. However, various nitrogen compounds such as ammonium (NH4 +), nitrate (NO3-), and organically bound nitrogen (Norg) find their way into surface waters and into the groundwater, and compounds such as elemental nitrogen (N2), dinitrous oxide (N2O), ammonia (NH3), and other nitrous oxides (NOx) are lost to the atmosphere during this process. SEA makes no difference between the emission of N2, N2O and NH3 or between NH4 + and NO3-although their impact on the environment differs considerably. This limitation can be overcome by using eSEA. All nitrogen compounds, which are released into the different environmental compartments such as groundwater, surface water and the atmosphere, are differentiated thus providing a more precise evaluation of the nitrogen losses of the particular crop farming region. The extent to which the region dilutes nitrogen compounds is expressed as the change in statistical entropy (ΔH). Four variations of the crop farming system are tested, showing that the efficiency of crop farming can be expressed by eSEA. In Chapter 3, eSEA is used to evaluate the nitrogen budgets of two Austrian catchments, the Wulka and the Ybbs, and of entire Austria. The results obtained by eSEA are compared to the particular nitrogen-use-efficiencies (NUEs) and discussed in the context of suitability for evaluation of the nitrogen performance of the regions. The eSEA enables quantification of the extent of nitrogen dilution based on the Abstract ii consideration of all types of nitrogen …
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